09年职称英语理工类临考攻略精华(1)

　　理工类

　　一级重点(2009年新增文章)

　　第一篇 Avalanche and Its Safety (c)

　　An avalanche is a sudden and rapid flow of snow, often mixed with air and water, down a mountainside. Avalanches are 1 the biggest dangers in the mountains for both life and property.

　　All avalanches are caused by an over-burden of material, typically snowpack, that is too massive and unstable for the slope 2 supports it. Determining the critical load, the amount of over-burden which is 3 to cause an avalanche, 4 aplex task involving the evaluation of a number of factors.

　　Terrain slopes flatter than 25 degrees or steeper than 60 degrees typically have a low 5 of avalanche. Snow does not 6 significantly on steep slopes; also, snow does not 7 easily on flat slopes. Human-triggered avalanches have the greatest incidence when the snow's angle of rest is 8 35 and 45 degrees; the critical angle, the angle at which the human incidence of avalanches is greatest, is 38 degrees. The rule of thumb is: A slope that is 9 enough to hold snow but steep enough to ski has the potential to generate an avalanche, regardless of the angle. Additionally, avalanche risk increases with 10 ; that is, the more a slope is disturbed by skiers, the more likely it is that an avalanche will occur.

　　Due to theplexity of the subject, winter travelling in the backcountry is never 100% safe. good avalanche safety is a continuous 11 , including route selection and examination of the snowpack, weather 12 , and human factors. Several well-known good habits can also 13 the risk. If local authorities issue avalanche risk reports, they should be considered and all warnings should be paid 14 to. Never follow in the tracks of others without your own evaluations; snow conditions are almost certain to have changed since they were made. observe the terrain and note obvious avalanche paths where plants are 15 or damaged. Avoid traveling below others who might trigger an avalanche.

　　练习：

　　1. A among B of c to D in

　　2. A when B that c who D whose

　　3. A mostly B likely c clearly D surely

　　4. A are B will be c is D was

　　5. A weight B form c risk D work

　　6. A fall B flow c roll D gather

　　7. A fall B flow c roll D gather

　　8. A among B between c with D for

　　9. A thick B thin c flat D rocky

　　10. A use B time c snow D rain

　　11. A journey B trip c fact D process

　　12. A conditions B reports c forecast D event

　　13. A increase B reduce c improve D remove

　　14. A price B effort c attention D money

　　15. A missing B grown c big D fresh

　　雪崩和安全问题

　　雪崩是雪掺杂着空气和水沿着山体突然迅猛地滑动造成的。雪崩是造成山区人们生命和财产安全的最大危险之一。

　　所有雪崩都是由于物质的过渡负荷造成，通常是积雪堆积过厚，很不稳固，超出了山坡面的承载能力。要确定山坡的临界承载量，可能造成突然雪崩的负荷量是一项很复杂的任务，需要衡量多个因素。

　　通常倾斜度小于25度，大于60度的山坡发生雪崩的危险要小一些。积雪不会在陡峭的山坡上大量堆积，同样也不会在平缓的山坡上快速滑动。当雪在静止状态下的角度在35_45度之间，最可能发生人为触发的雪崩。人为引发雪崩的临界角度是38度，是最易人为引发雪崩的角度。常规经验是：一个平缓的足以堆积积雪，同时陡峭的适合人们滑雪的山坡，无论角度如何，都有可能产生雪崩。此外，雪崩的危险随着使用的增加而增加，换言之，滑雪者活动得越频繁，雪崩的可能性越大。

　　由于雪崩研究的复杂性，冬天在人烟稀少的地区旅行从来不是百分之百的安全。很好地躲避雪崩，保持安全是一个连续的过程，包括选择路线、检查积雪、了解天气状况及其他人为因素。以下几个广为人知的好习惯也可以降低风险：如果当地权威部门发布了雪崩警报，你应当予以考虑，加以注意。绝不要不加审度，就立刻接受他人意见。积雪自形成的那时就几乎注定要发生变化。认真观察地形，注意明显的雪崩路径：没有植物或植物被毁坏的地方。不要在那些可能引发雪崩的人或事物下面行走。

　　答案：ABBcc DBBcA DABcD

　　第二篇 Taking a Nap During the Day (B)

　　medical experts say most Americans do not get 1 sleep. They say more Americans need to rest for a short period in the middle of the day. They are advising people to sleep lightly before 2 with other activities.

　　one study earlier this year found that persons who sleep for a few minutes during the day were less 3 to die of heart disease. The study followed more than 2,300 greek adults 4 about six years. Adults who rested for half an hour 5 three times a week had a 37 present lower risk of dying from heart disease than those who did not nap.

　　Study organizers said the strongest evidence was in working men. They said naps might improve 6 by mitigating tension caused by work.

　　Some European and Latin American businesses have supported the 7 of napping for many years. They urge people to 8 work, go home and have a nap before returning. In the united States, somepanies let workers rest briefly in their offices. They believe this reduces 9 and accidents, and 10 increases the amount of work a person can do.

　　Sleep experts say it is likely that people make more mistakes at work than at other times. They say people should not carry out important duties when they feel 11 And they say the best thing to do is to take a nap. About twenty minutes of rest is 12 you need. Experts say this provides extra energy and can increase your effectiveness 13 the end of the day. But experts warn that a nap 14 last no more than twenty to thirty minutes. A longer nap will put the body into deep sleep and waking up will be 15 .

　　练习：

　　1. A sweet B sound c bad D enough

　　2. A checking B sharing c continuing D meeting

　　3. A lovely B likely c fondly D finely

　　4. A for B at c in D with

　　5. A at least B at most c at last D at first

　　6. A ability B health c thinking D life

　　7. A experiment B reform c idea D way

　　8. A repeat B improve c change D leave

　　9. A work B mistakes c energy D time

　　10. A never B seldom c too D also

　　11. A ready B good c sleepy D awake

　　12. A all B few c any D nothing

　　13. A unless B while c until D during

　　14. A would B may c might D should

　　15. A helpful B difficult c easy D happy

　　白天打个盹

　　医学专家称大多数美国人睡眠不足。他们说更多的美国人需要在一天中间做短暂休息。他们建议人们在继续其他活动之前小睡一会。

　　今年早期的一个研究发现，白天睡几分钟的那些人死于心脏病的可能性较小。该研究六年期间，跟踪2300名希腊成年人。研究显示：成年人白天打盹半小时，一周三次，其心脏病致死的概率比不打盹的人要低37%。研究组织者称最有力的证据来自于工作岗位上的人群。他们说打盹可以减轻工作压力，从而改善健康。

　　一些欧洲和拉美的行业多年来一直支持白天打一会盹的观点。他们敦促人们放下工作回家去打个盹后再回来工作。在美国，有些公司让员工在办公室稍作休息。他们认为这不仅会减少失误和事故，还会增加工作量。

　　睡眠专家认为人们很可能工作时比其他时候犯错更多。他们认为人们不该在感到困倦的时候承担重要任务。此时最该做的是打个盹。你只需要休息20分钟。专家称这会给你的一天带来额外的能量和效率。但专家也提到，打盹不要超过20至30分钟。打盹时间稍长就会使身体陷入深层睡眠，很难醒来。

　　答案：DcBAA DBcDB DcAcDB www.59wj.com

　　第三篇 cell Phone Lets Your Secret out (A)

　　Your cell phone holds secrets about you. Besides the names and 1 that you've programmed into it, traces of your DNA linger on the device, according to a new study.

　　DNA is gic material that 2 in every cell. Like your fingerprint, your DNA is unique to you-- 3 you have an identical twin. Scientists today routinely analyze DNA in blood, saliva, or hair left 4 at the scene of a crime. The results often help detectives identify 5 and their victims. Your cell phone can reveal more about you 6 you might think.

　　meghan J. mcFadden, a scientist at mcmaster university in Hamilton, ontario, heard about a crime in which the suspect bled onto a cell phone and later dropped the 7 This made her wonder whether traces of DNA lingered on cell phones--even when no blood was involved. 8 she and colleague margaret wallace of the city university of New York analyzed the flip-open phones of 10 volunteers. They used swabs to collect 9 traces of the users from two parts of the phone: the outside, where the user holds it, and the 10 , which is placed at the user's ear.

　　The scientists scrubbed the phones using a solution made mostly 11 alcohol. The aim of washing was to remove all detectable traces of DNA. The owners got ,Heir phones 12 for another week. Then the researchers collected the phones and repeated the swabbing of each phone once more.

　　The scientists discovered DNA that 13 to the phone's speaker on each of the phones. Better samples were collected from the outside of each phone, but those swabs also picked up DNA that belonged to other people who had apparently also handled the phone. 14 , DNA showed up even in swabs that were taken immediately after the phones were scrubbed. That suggests that washing won't remove all traces of evidence from a criminal's device. So cell phones can now be added to the 15 of clues that can clinch a crime-scene investigation.

　　练习：

　　1. A numbers B music c secrets D films

　　2. A appeals B appoint c appears D applies

　　3. A because B unless c although D still

　　4. A about B in c for D behind

　　5. A criminals B people c men D policemen

　　6. A when B until c before D than

　　7. A device B paper c file D document

　　8. A However B So c But D Nevertheless

　　9. A invisible B non-existent c visible D apparent

　　10. A card B keys c screen D speaker

　　11. A of B up c on D into

　　12. A upon B back c without D with

　　13. A was given B belonged c was owned D became

　　14. A generally B Surprisingly c Disappointedly D Shortly

　　15. A explanation B discovery c book D list

　　手机泄露了你的秘密

　　你的手机承载着你的秘密。一项新研究发现，手机里除了存有你输入的名字和号码外，还留有你的微量DNA(脱氧核糖核酸)。

　　DNA(脱氧核糖核酸)是细胞里的基因物质，如同指纹，你的DNA是独一无二的——除非你是同卵双生双胞胎之一。今天科学家一般可以在犯罪现场遗留的血液、唾液、毛发中分析出DNA。分析结果经常能帮侦探识别罪犯和受害人。你的手机能透露出比你想象的要多得多的信息。

　　安大略省汉密尔顿mcmaster大学的科学家meghan J.mcFadden听说了在一起犯罪中嫌疑人的血流到了手机上，后来还丢掉了手机。这让她想到手机上是否留下了犯罪嫌疑人的DNA——即使血不流到手机上。于是，她和纽约城市大学的同事margaret wallace分析了10个志愿者的翻盖手机。他们使用药签从手机的两个部位，即使用者把持的外壳，靠近使用者耳部的听筒部分，采集到了肉眼看不到的手机使用者的微量DNA。

　　科学家们用一种主要由酒精构成的溶液擦洗手机。擦洗的目的是去除所有易被察觉的DNA。之后，机主拿回手机使用一周。接着，研究者又把手机收回来，重复了用药签采取每部手机遗留微量DNA的步骤。

　　科学家们在每部手机的听筒部分都发现了DNA，从手机外壳的取样更为明显，但手机外壳的取样中还发现了那些曾摆弄过该手机的其他人的DNA.

　　令人称奇的是，DNA甚至出现在擦洗手机之后的药签中，这意味着清洗不会完全去掉罪犯手机上的微量DNA证据。因此，现在手机可以作为协助犯罪现场调查得出定论的线索之一。

　　答案：AcBDA DABAD ABBBD

　　第四篇 Sharks Perform a Service for Earth's waters (A)

　　It is hard to get people to think of sharks as anything but a deadly enemy. They are thought to 1 people frequently. But these fish perform a 2 service for earth's waters and for human beings. Yet business and sport fishing are threatening their 3 Some sharks are at risk of disappearing from 4 .

　　warm weather may influence both fish and shark activity. many fish swim near coastal areas 5 their warm waters. Experts say sharks may follow the fish into the same areas, 6 people also swim. In fact, most sharks do not purposely charge at or bite humans. They are thought to mistake a person 7 a sea animal, such as a seal or sea lion. That is why people should not swim in the ocean when the sun goes down ores up. Those are the 8 when sharks are looking for food. Experts also say that bright colors and shiny jewelry may cause sharks to attack.

　　A shark has an extremely good sense of smell. It can find small amounts of substances in water, such as blood, body liquids and 9 produced by animals. These powerful 10 help sharks find their food. Sharks eat fish, any 11 sharks, and plants that live in the ocean.

　　medical researchers want to learn more about the shark's body defense and immune 12 against disease. Researchers know that sharks 13 quickly from injuries. They study the shark in hopes of finding a way to fight human disease.

　　Sharks are important for the world's 14 . They eat injured and diseased fish. Their hunting activities mean that the numbers of other fish in ocean waters do not be too 15 This protects the plants and other forms of life that exist in the oceans.

　　练习：

　　1. A attack B meet c love D visit

　　2. A terrible B eatable c valuable D possible

　　3. A source B existence c friends D fish

　　4. A Space B Sky c Land D Earth

　　5. A because B since c because of D by reason that

　　6. A whose B which c that D where

　　7. A to B for c like D with

　　8. A times B places c seas D oceans

　　9. A sciences B mathematics c chemicals D physics

　　10. A feelings B senses c touches D tastes

　　11. A those B these c another D other

　　12. A systems B processes c ideas D circles

　　13. A recover B reform c return D rely

　　14. A rivers B oceans c forests D mountains

　　15. A weak B little c few D great

　　鲨鱼有益于地球水系

　　要让人们相信鲨鱼不是人类的死敌不是一件容易的事。人们认为鲨鱼经常袭击人类。但鲨鱼在为地球水系和人类作着有价值的贡献。商业和捕鱼运动仍在威胁着他们的生存，有些鲨鱼面临着从地球上消失的危险。

　　温暖的气候影响着鱼类和鲨鱼的活动。由于水温变暖，很多鱼类游到海边。专家认为鲨鱼跟随其它鱼类，也来到人类游泳的区域。实际上鲨鱼并非故意袭击人类。人们认为，由于鲨鱼将人错认为是海狮等海洋动物，在饥饿时才袭击人类。日出和日落时，正是鲨鱼饥肠辘辘的时候，人们不应该出海游泳。专家还提到鲜艳的色彩和闪光的珠宝也会诱使鲨鱼袭击。

　　鲨鱼的嗅觉特别灵敏，能嗅到海水中存在的极为微量的气味，比如血液、体液和动物散发的化学物质。灵敏的嗅觉有助于鲨鱼找到食物。鲨鱼以鱼、其他鲨鱼和海洋植物为生。

　　医学研究人员想要更多了解的是鲨鱼的身体抗病免疫系统。研究人员发现鲨鱼受伤会很快康复，他们希望通过研究鲨鱼，找到一种人类抗病的方法。

　　鲨鱼有益于海洋。它们吃受伤的和生病的鱼。他们的捕猎活动使其它海洋鱼类的数目不会过多，这就保护了海洋中的植物和其它生灵。

　　答案：AcBDc DBAcB DAABD www.59wj.com

　　二级文章(题库未考查文章)

　　captain cook Arrow Legend

　　It was a great legend while it lasted, but DNA testing has 1 finally ended a two-century-old story of the Hawaiian arrow carved from the bone of British explorer captain James cook 2 who died in the Sandwich Islands in 1779.

　　“There is 3 no cook in the Australian museum,” museum collection manager Jude Philip said not long ago in announcing the DNA evidence that the arrow was not made of cook's bone. But that will not stop the museum from continuing to display the arrow in its 4 exhibition , “uncovered: Treasures of the Australian museum,” which 5 does include a feather cape presented to cook by Hawaiian King Kalani’opu’u in 1778.

　　cook was one of Britain’s great explorers and is credited with 6 discovering the “great South Land,” 7 now Australia, in 1770. He was clubbed to death in the Sandwich Islands, now Hawaii.

　　The legend of cook’s arrow began in 1824 8 when Hawaiian King Kamehameha on his deathbed gave the arrow to william Adams, a London surgeon and relative of cook’s wife, saying it was made of cook’s bone after the fatal 9 fight with islanders.

　　In the 1890s the arrow was given to the Australian museum and the legend continued 10 until it came face-to-face with science.

　　DNA testing by laboratories in Australia and New zealand revealed the arrow was not made of cook’s bone but was more 11 likely made of animal bone, said Phi.

　　However, cook’s fans 12 refuse to give up hope that one cook legend will prove true and that part of his remains will still be uncovered, as they say there is evidence not all of cook’s body was 13 buried at sea in 1779. “on this occasion technology has won,” said cliff Thornton, president of the captain cook Society, in a 14 statement from Britain. “But I am 15 sure that one of these days...one of the cook legends will prove to be true and it will happen one day.”

　　库克船长弓箭的传说 (c)

　　这本是个绝妙的传说，但DNA测试最终结束了这个长达两个世纪之久的古老故事。传说是关于一支据说是用1779年在桑伟奇群岛死去的英国探险家船长詹姆士库克的遗骨刻成的夏威夷弓箭。

　　在不久前DNA 证据宣布该弓箭并非来自于库克船长的遗骨时，奥大利亚博物馆收藏经理尤大书•菲利普说：“澳大利亚博物馆里并没有库克的遗骨。”但这并不能停止博物馆在展览会上展出弓箭。“考古发现：澳大利亚博物馆的宝藏”展览中的确还展示了一个在1778年夏威夷国王卡兰尼欧普送给库克的一个羽毛斗篷。

　　库克是英国最伟大探险家之一，他在1770年发现了“南大陆”，也就是现在的澳大利亚。此后在桑伟奇群岛被棒击致死。

　　库克弓箭传说始于1824年，当时夏威夷国王卡莫哈莫哈在弥留之际将弓箭赐给了库克妻子的亲戚，一名伦敦外科医生威廉正当斯，并告诉他弓箭是在那次致命殴打后用库克的遗骨做成的。

　　在19世纪90年代，弓箭被交给澳大理亚博物馆。这个传说直到与科学直接接触才停止。据菲利普说，澳大利亚和新西兰的试验室的DNA测试证实弓箭并非取材于库克的遗骨，而更可能来自动物的骨头。

　　但是，库克迷们却不肯放弃希望。他们期待库克传说之一将会被证明是正确，并且他人部分遗骨还会被发现。正如他们所说，有证据表明库克的遗骨并不是在1779年全都葬身大海了。库克船长协会的会长克利夫托马森在一个来自英国的声明中说：“在这个问题上，科技取得了胜利。我坚信某一天库克传说之一将会被证明是真的。”

　　car Thieves could Be Stopped Remotely

　　Speeding off in a stolen car, the thief thinks he has got a great catch. But he is in a nasty surprise. The car is fitted with a remote immobilizer and a radio signal from a control center miles away will ensure that once the thief switches the engine 1 off , he will not be able to start it again.

　　For now, such devices 2 are only available for fleets of trucks and specialist vehicles used on construction sites. But remote immobilization technology could soon start to trickle down to ordinary cars, and 3 should be available to ordinary cars in the uK 4 in two months.

　　The idea goes like this. A control box fitted to the carincorporates 5 a miniature cellphone, a microprocessor and memory, and a gPS satellite positioning receiver. 6 If the car is stolen, a coded cellphone signal will tell the unit to block the vehicle’s engine management system and prevent the engine 7 being restarted.

　　There are even plans for immobilizers 8 that shut down vehicles on the move, though there are fears over the safety implications of such a system.

　　In the uK. an array of technical fixes is already making 9 life harder for car thieves. “The pattern of vehicles crime has changed,” says martyn Randall of Thatcham, a security research organization based in Berkshire that is funded in part 10 by the motor insurance industry.

　　He says it would only take him a few minutes to 11 teach a novice how to steal a car, using a bare minimum of tools. But only if the car is more than 10 years old.

　　modern cars are a far tougher proposition, as their engine managementputer will not 12 allow them to start unless they receive a unique ID code beamed out by the ignition key. In the uK, technologies like this 13 have helped achieve a 31 per cent drop in vehicle-related crime since 1997.

　　But determined criminals are still managing to find other ways to steal cars. often by getting hold of the owner’s keys in a burglary. In 2000, 12 per cent of vehicles stolen in the uK were taken using the owner’s keys double the previous year’s figure.

　　Remote-controlled immobilization system would 14 put a major new obstacle in the criminal’s way by making such thefts pointless. A group that includes Thatcham, the police, insurancepanies and security technology firms have developed standards for a system that could go on the market sooner than the 15 customer expects.

　　远程制止偷车贼 (c)

　　超速驾驶在偷来的汽车里，偷车贼以为自己大获全胜。但是他马上就会又惊又恼。车上已经被装了远程制动装置，一个几英里以外的控制中心发来的无线信号将确保盗贼一旦启动引擎，他就不能再次发动汽车了。

　　目前，这种装置只用于卡车队或者用于建筑工地的特殊车辆上。但是远程制动技术很快就会逐步应用到普通汽车上。并且应该在两个月之内用在英国的普通汽车上。

　　计划是这样的。把一个集合有微型无绳电话，微量处理器，存储器以及全球定位系统的卫星接收器的控制合子安装在汽车上。如果汽车被盗，一个被编码的无绳电话信号就会告诉这个装置停止车辆引擎控制系统来阻止引擎再次被启动。

　　甚至还有一些人主张计划将制动装置装在运行着的车辆上，可是这一来人们就会担心这个系统的安全性。

　　在英国，一系列的技术装置已经让盗车贼步履维艰了。玛丁兰多来自位于贝克郡的一个由汽车保险工业投资成立的名为撒策姆的安全研究机构。他说：“车辆盗窃的手法已经有所改变。”他还声称只要是10年以上的汽车，他就能用几样的简单的工具有几分钟之内教会一个新手怎样的偷车。

　　现代车却远没有这么简单，因为它们的引擎管理计算机装置只有接收到一个独一无二的由点火钥匙发送过来的身份密份才可以启动汽车。自1997年以来，在英国，技术人员已经利用此项技术帮助减少了31%的涉及车辆犯罪案。

　　但是不死心的盗贼们却还在一直想方设法偷车。例如很多时候，他们在夜里盗走主人的汽车钥匙进而偷车。在2000年，英国21%的车辆被盗案是由于主人的钥匙被盗，这个数字比前一年增长了1倍。

　　远程控制的制动系统给盗贼设置了一个全新的障碍。包括撒策姆，公安部门，保险公司以及安全技术公司的这样一个群体已经为体系开发出了一个标准，将比顾客所预期的更早地被很快推广到市场上。 www.59wj.com

　　china to help Europe Develop gPS Rival

　　china is to contribute to a new global satellite navigation system being developed by European nations. The galileo satellite system 1 will offer a more accurate civilian alternative to the global Positioning System(gPS). operated by the uS military. china will provided 230m Euros (uSD 259m) in 2 funding and will cooperate with technical, manufacturing and market development. “china will help galileo to 3 be the major world infrastructure for the growing market for location services,” said Loyola de Palacio, Eu transportmissioner.

　　A new center that will coordinate co-operation was also announced 4 by the Europeanmission, the European Space Agency (ESA) and the chinese ministry of Science and Technology not long 5 ago .The china-Europe global Navigation Satellite System Technical Training and cooperation center will be 6 located at Beijing university. china has a substantial satellite launch industry and could potentially help the galileo satellites.

　　The uS has claimed that galileo could interfere 7 with the uS ability to downgrade the gPS service during military conflicts. European officials say this is unfounded and counter that uS opposition 8 is due to themercial challenge galileo would present to gPS. galileo will be precise to within a meter, while civilian gPS service is accurate to around 10 meters.

　　The galileo satellite constellation will 9 consist of 27 operational and three reserve satellites orbiting the Earth at an altitude of 23, 600 km. The satellites will be strung along three medium-Earth orbits at 56 degrees inclination to the equator and will provide global coverage. The system should be operational by 2009 and the entire project is expected to 10 cost around 3.2 billion Euros(uSD 3.6 billion).

　　The Europeanmission has said galileo will primarily be used for transportation technology, scientific research, land management and disaster monitoring.

　　galileo will provide two signals; a standard civilian one and an encrypted, wide-band signal 11 called the Public Regulated Service (PRS). This second signal is designed to withstand localized jamming and will be used by police and military services in Europe. Europeanmission __12_officials_ have said china will not be given access to the PRS.

　　The first galileo satellite is scheduled to launch late in 2004, clocks on board the 13_satellite_ will be synchronized through 20 ground sensors stations, twomand centers and 15 uplink stations.

　　Receivers on the ground will use time signals from the satellites to precisely calculate their 14 location . A “search and rescue” function will also 15 let distress signals be relayed through the constellation of satellites.

　　中国帮助欧洲发展全球定位系统的竞争 (B)

　　中国要捐助欧洲国家正在开发的全新的全球卫星定位系统。伽利略人造卫星系统将提供了一个较美国军事机构使用的全球定位系统更为精确的民用系统。中国将提供两亿三千万欧元(两亿伍千九百万美元)的资金，并且协助技术、制造以及市场拓展的开发。欧洲交通委员罗瑶拉德帕若索说：“中国将帮助伽利略(人造卫星)成为成长中的定位服务市场的主要世界基础设施。”

　　不久前，欧洲贸易委员会、欧洲航天局和中国科技部还宣称将建立一个新的中心来协助合作。中国——欧洲全球定位卫星系统技术培训和合作中心将设在北京大学。中国具有一个非常有实力的卫星发射工业。有可能帮助发射伽利略卫星。

　　美国声称伽利略会在军事斗争中干扰美国的能力并消减全球定位系统的使用。欧洲官员称这种说法无事实根据，并对美国所谓的伽利略(人造卫星)会对全球定位系统的商业上构成挑战的说法持反对意见。伽利略(人造卫星)将精确到一米，而民用全球定位服务只精确到10米。

　　伽利略人造卫星群由27个运用卫星和3个储备卫星构成，并在地球表面23 600千米的高度运行。卫星将与三个中等地球轨道并排在与赤道56度的倾斜角度上运行，并且可以覆盖全球。这个系统将在2009年启动，整个项目将耗资32亿欧元(36亿美元)。

　　欧洲贸易委员会说伽利略(人造卫星)最初将被用于交通技术、科学研究、陆地管理和自然灾害监控两种信号：一种是标准民用信号，另一种是公共调控服务系统加密信号。第二种信号是为抵抗地方交通堵塞而设计的，将被用于欧洲公安和军事事业。欧洲贸易委员会官员说中国将无权使用公共调控服务系统。

　　第一个伽利略人造卫星将在2004年底发射。这架卫星上的钟表将与20个地面感应站、2个指挥中心和15个上行站时间同步。

　　地面的接收器将利用卫星上的时间信号准确地计算出它们的方位。“搜索救援”功能也会通过卫星群传递遇难信号。

　　crashed cars to Text message for Help

　　There is no good place to have a car crash—but some places are worse than others. In a foreign country, for instance, 1 trying to explain via cellphone that you are upside down in a ditch when you cannot speak the local language can fatally delay the arrival of the emergency services.

　　But an answer may be at hand. Researchers funded by the Europeanmission are beginning tests of a system called E-merge that 2 automatically senses when a car has crashed and sends a text message telling emergency services in the local language that the accident has taken place.

　　The system was 3 developed by ERTIco, a transport research organization based in Brussels, Belgium. cars are fitted with a cellphone-sized device attached 4 to the underside of the dashboard which is activated by the same sensor that triggers the airbag in a crash. The device 5 include a cellphone circuit, a gPS positioning unit, and a microphone and loudspeaker.

　　It registers the severity of the crash by 6 reading the deceleration data from the airbag’s sensor. using gPS information, it works out which country the car is in, and from this it determines 7 in which language topose an alert message detailing precise location of the accident.

　　The device then automatically makes a call to the local emergency services 8 operator . If the car’s occupants are conscious, they canmunicate with the operator 9 via the speaker and microphone.

　　E-merge also transmits the vehicles make, model, color and license number, and its heading when it crashed, which in turn indicates on which side of a multi-lane highway it ended up.

　　This 10 helps the emergency services find the vehicle as soon as they arrive on the scene. “we can waste a large 11 amount of time searching for an incident,” says Jim Hammond, a (an) 12 expert in vehicle technology at the Association of chief Police officers in uK. Tests will begin soon with police car fleets in the uK. Trials have already started in germany, Sweden, Spain, the Netherlands and Italy.

　　In-car systems that summon the emergency services after a crash have 13 already been fitted in some premium cars. ERTIco says 14 if Eu states are willing to fund necessary infrastructure, E-merge could be working by 2009.

　　A study by French car maker Renault concluded that the system could save up to 6000 fo the 40,000 lives lost each year on Europe’s roads, and prevent a similar number of serious injuries.

　　The Renault study estimates that fitting E-merge to every car in Europe would eventually save around 150 billion per 15 year in terms of reduced costs to health services and insurancepanies, and fewer lost working days. www.59wj.com

　　撞毁汽车发送短信求助 (A)

　　没有什么地方是适于撞车的，但如果在有些地方发生事故却会更为糟糕。例如在国外，如果你不会当地语言却想通过无绳电话和对方解释你的车栽倒沟里，会大大延迟紧急事件处理部门求援的到来。

　　但现在人们可能找到了解决的办法。欧洲贸易委员会资助的研究员们正在开始测试一个叫做E-merge的系统。这个系统可以自动察觉到车祸并向紧急事件处理部门用当地语言发送文本信息告知事故地点。

　　这个系统是由一个位于比利时布鲁塞尔的名叫ERTIco交通研究机构开发。汽车可以在仪表板后面安装一个无绳电话大小的装置，然后由撞车后放出保护气囊的感应器一并带动工作。这个装置包含无线电话电路，全球定位系统单元，扬声器和喇叭。

　　这个装置可以通过安全气囊感应器上的减速数据记录下车祸的严重程度。利用全球定位系统信息查明汽车所在的国家。然后决定使用何种语言来组织记录详细车祸地点的警报信息。

　　接着装置就自动给当地紧急事件处理部门的接线员打电话。如果车时的人神智清醒，他(她)可以与接线员通过扬声器和喇叭直接交流。

　　E-merge 系统还可以发送车辆的牌子，型号，颜色，驾驶证号码以及撞车时的行驶方向的信息，这些信息会表明汽车是在具有多条行道的高速路的哪一边发生事故的。

　　这样就可以协助紧急救援事件处理部门尽快在事故地点找到车辆。英国的总警官联合会的车辆技术专家吉姆翰姆迪说：“我们可能会在搜索事故地点上浪费大量的时间。”测试将马上在英国警车队中实行。德国、挪威、西班牙、荷兰和意大利都已经开始了这个测试。

　　在车祸后可以调遣紧急事件处理部门的车辆内置系统已经安装在一些高档的汽车中了。ERTIco 说如果欧盟国家愿意出资建设必要的基础设施。E-merged 系统就可以在2009年运行。

　　法国雷诺汽车的一项研究的结论表明这个系统每年可以挽救在欧洲公路上丧生的4 000万人中的6 000人的生命，而且也能防止类似的严重伤情。

　　雷诺研究估测，如果在欧洲的每辆汽车上安装E-merge 系统，每年人们将会在医疗、保险和因事故损失的工作日方面节约1 500亿欧元。

　　wonder webs

　　Spider webs are more than homes, and they are ingenious traps. And the world’s best web spinner may be the golden orb weaver spider. The female orb weaver spins a web of fibers thin enough to be invisible to insect prey, yet __1_tough_ enough to snare a flying bird without breaking.

　　The secret of the web’s strength? A type of super-resilient __2_silk_ called dragline. when the female spider is ready to __3_weave_ the web’s spokes and frame, she uses her legs to draw the airy thread out through a hollow nozzle in her belly. Dragline is not sticky, so the spider can race back and forth along __4_it_ to spin the web’s trademark spiral.

　　unlike some spiders that weave a new web every day, a golden orb weaver __5_reuses_ her handiwork until it falls apart, sometimes not for two years. The silky thread is five times stronger than steel by weight and absorbs the force of an impact three times better than Kevlar, a high-strength human-made __6_material_ used in bullet-proof vests. And thanks to its high tensile strength, or the ability to resist breaking under the pulling force called tension, a single strand can stretch up to 40 percent longer than its original _7_length_ and snap back as well as new. No human-made fiber evenes _8_close_.

　　It is no __9_wonder_ manufacturers are clamoring for spider silk. In the consumer pipeline: High-performance fabrics for athletes and stockings that never run. Think parachute cords and suspension bridge cables. A steady __10_supply_ of spider silk would be worth billions of dollars – but how to produce it? Harvesting silk on spider farms does not __11_work_ because the territorial arthropods have a tendency to devour their neighbors.

　　Now, scientists at the biotechnologypany Nexia are spinning artificial silk modeled after golden orb dragline. The __12_first_ step: extract silk-making genes from the spiders. Next, implant the genes into goat egg cells. The nanny goats that grow from the eggs secrete dragline silk proteins in their __13_milk_. “The young goats pass on the silk-making gene without __14_any_ help from us,” says Nexia president Jeffrey Turner. Nexia is still perfecting the spinning process, but they hope artificial spider silk will soon be snagging customers __15_as fast as_ the real thing snags bugs.

　　奇妙的网 (c)

　　蜘蛛网对蜘蛛来说不仅仅是家，它们还是奇妙的引虫入网的陷阱。世界最棒的织网者可能是goldern orb weaver的蜘蛛。雌性的orb weaver可以织出很细的丝，连被捕的昆虫都看不见。但却是坚韧得可以将一只飞入网中的鸟缠住而不弄断。

　　那么蜘蛛网为何有如此强的力度呢?有一种网丝有超强的弹力，叫做蜘蛛的避敌丝。当雌性的蜘蛛准备编织蛛网的幅条和框架时，它就用腿从一个空的喷嘴里勾出轻飘飘的丝线，放到肚子里面。避敌丝不粘，因此蜘蛛可以沿着它来回活动编织，从而来编织网的标志性螺旋。

　　与某些种类的蜘蛛不同，它不用每天织新网，只要网不破，就能一直用下去，有时一用就两年。柔软如丝的蛛丝的强度比相同重量的钢丝大五倍。同时可以承受的力度比一种高强度的防弹衣的人工材料大三倍多。同时由于它有很强的张力，或者说一种能够抵住被弄断的往下的拉力。一根单线可以伸长至比原始长度长40%以上，然后重新弹回至原来的长度，还像新的一样。没有一种人造纤维可以与它相媲美。

　　因此，生产者们强烈要求蛛丝也就不足为奇了。在消费这一方面，人们强烈要求的是高质量的运动服和永不脱丝的长袜。试想一下另外如降落伞绳索和吊桥上的绳索。如果有稳定的蛛丝的供应，它将是一个价值上亿的产业，但问题是怎么样才能生产出稳定的蛛丝呢?试图以养蛛场收获蛛丝是行不通的，因为生长在那块地方的节肢动物有可能会吞掉它们的这些“邻居”。

　　现在，生物工艺公司“Nexifa”的科学家们正在研制一种仿制goldorn orb避敌丝的人工丝。第一步骤：从蜘蛛身上抽取制丝的基因，然后，将这些基因植入山羊的卵细胞中。由这些卵细胞发育生的雌山羊会在羊奶中分泌一种带丝的蛋白质。“Nexia”公司总裁吉弗利•特纳说：“这些幼山羊不须任何我们的帮助就可以将制丝基因遗传过去。”“Nexia”继续在完善它的制丝过程。但是他们希望这种人造蜘蛛丝能尽快地吸引住顾客，就像真正的蛛丝抓住昆虫一样。是因为它对天体有影响，而不是它可以被看到或测出。

　　但是在宇宙中最具决定性力量的是“暗能量”。天文学家说，这是一种引起宇宙中星系以越来越快的速度分开的力量。

　　有一位科学家说，很明显，暗物质和暗能量之间开展了一场万有引力间的拔河比赛，最后，暗能量获胜。 www.59wj.com

　　三级文章(已考查)

　　Animal's "Sixth Sense" (c)

　　A tsunami was triggered by an earthquake in the Indian ocean in December, 2004. It killed tens of thousands of people in Asia and East Africa. wild animals, 1 , seem to have escaped that terrible tsunami. This phenomenon adds weight to notions that1 they possess a "sixth sense" for 2 , experts said.

　　Sri Lankan wildlife officials have said the giant waves that killed over 24,000 people along the Indian ocean island's coast clearly 3 wild beasts, with no dead animals found.

　　"No elephants are dead, not 4 a dead rabbit. I think animals can 5 disaster. They have a sixth sense. They know when things are happening," H. D. Ratnayake, deputy director of Sri Lanka's wildlife Department, said about one month after the tsunami attack. The 6 washed floodwaters up to 2 miles inland at Yala National Park in the ravaged southeast, Sri Lanka's biggest wildlife 7 and home to hundreds of wild elephants and several leopards.

　　"There has been a lot of 8 evidence about dogs barking or birds migrating before volcanic eruptions or earthquakes. But it has not been proven," said matthew van Lierop, an animal behavior 9 at Johannesburg zoo.

　　"There have been no 10 studies because you can't really test it in a lab or field setting2," he told Reuters. other authorities concurred with this 11 .

　　"wildlife seem to be able to pick up certain 12 , especially birds... there are many reports of birds detecting impending disasters," said clive walker, who has written several books on African wildlife.

　　Animals 13 rely on the known senses such as smell or hearing to avoid danger such as predators.

　　The notion of an animal "sixth sense" — or 14 other mythical power — is an enduring one3 which the evidence on Sri Lanka's ravaged coast is likely to add to.

　　The Romans saw owls 15 omens of impending disaster and many ancient cultures viewed elephants as sacred animals endowed with special powers or attributes.

　　练习：

　　1. A therefore B however c although D whatever

　　2. A shelters B foods c disasters D water

　　3. A missed B protected c raised D caught

　　4. A such B too c so D even,

　　5. A feel B see c hear D sense

　　6. A waves B tides c winds D rivers

　　7. A birthplaces B playground c reserve D storage

　　8. A experimental B apparent c scientific D chemical

　　9. A specialist B assistant c supporter D sponsor,

　　10. A additional B specific c especial D exceptional

　　11. A modification B detection c assessment D value,

　　12. A route B behavior c principle D phenomenon

　　13. A unwillingly B occasionally c doubtfully D certainly

　　14. A some B much c many D few

　　15. A on B as c for D in

　　Animal’s “Sixth Sense”

　　1. B 2. c 3. A 4. D 5. D 6. A 7. c 8. B 9. A 10. B

　　11. c 12. D 13. D 14. A 15. B

　　Singing Alarms could Save the Blind (c)

　　If you cannot see, you may not be able to1 find your way out of a burning building — and that could be fatal. Apany in Leeds could change all that2 1 directional sound alarms capable of guiding you to the exit.

　　Sound Alert, apany 2 the university of Leeds, is installing the alarms in a residential home for 3 people in Sommerset and a resource centre for the blind in cumbria. 4 produce a wide range of frequencies that enable the brain to determine where the 5 ising from.

　　Deborah withington of Sound Alert says that the alarms use most of the frequencies that can be 6 by humans. "It is a burst of white noise 7 people say sounds like static on the radio," she says. "Its life-saving potential is great."

　　She conducted an experiment in which people were filmed by thermal-imaging cameras trying to find their way out of3 a large 8 room. It 9 them nearly four minutes to find the door 10 a sound alarm, but only 15 seconds with one.

　　withington studies how the brain 11 sounds at the university. She says that the 12 of a wide band of frequencies can be pinpointed more easily than the source of a narrow band. Alarms 13 the same concept have already been installed on emergency vehicles.

　　The alarms will also include rising or falling frequencies to indicate whether people should go up 14 down stairs. They were 15 with the aid of a large grant from British Nuclear Fuels.

　　练习：

　　1. A without B with c having D selling

　　2. A run by B changed by c decorated by D criticized by

　　3. A slow B deaf c blind D lame

　　4. A Alarms B Alarm c The alarm D The alarms~

　　5. A noise B sound c music D bell

　　6. A watched B produced c learnt D heard

　　7. A where B what c that D how

　　8. A smoked B smoke-filled c filled with smoke D smoke-filling

　　9. A has taken B takes c took D will take

　　10. A on B near c without D from

　　11. A processes B produces c possesses D proceeds

　　12. A feature B quality c diagram D source

　　13. A basis on B base on c basing on D based on

　　14. A or B and c but D otherwise

　　15. A developed B determined c discovered D delivered

　　Singing Alarms could Save the Blind

　　1. B 2. A 3. c 4. D 5. B 6. D 7. c 8. B 9. c 10. c

　　11. A 12. D 13. D 14. A 15. A www.59wj.com

　　Less Is more (B)

　　It sounds all wrong — drilling holes in a piece of wood to make it more resistant to knocks. But it works because the energy from the blow gets distributed throughout the wood rather than focusing on one weak spot. The discovery should lead to more effective and lighter packaging materials.

　　carpenters have known 1 centuries that some woods are tougher than others. Hickory, for example, was turned into axe handles and cartwheel spokes because it can absorb shocks without breaking. white oak, for example, is much more easily damaged, 2 it is almost as dense.1 Julian Vincent at Bathe university and his team were convinced the wood's internal structure could explain the differences.

　　many trees have tubular vessels that run 3 the trunk and carry water to the leaves. In oak they are large, and arranged in narrow bands, but in hickory they are smaller, and more evenly distributed. The researchers 4 this layout might distribute a blow's energy throughout the wood, soaking up a bigger hit. To test the idea, they drilled holes 0.65 millimetres across into a block of spruce, a wood with 5 vessels, and found that 6 withstood a harder knock. 7 when there were more than about 30 holes per square centimetre did the wood's performance drop off.

　　A uniform substance doesn't cope well with knocks because only a small proportion of the material is actually 8 . All the energy from the blow goes towards breaking the material in one or two places, but often the pieces left 9 are pristine.

　　But instead of the energy being concentrated in one place, the holes provide many weak spots that all absorb energy as they break, says Vincent. "You are controlling the places 10 the wood breaks, and it can then absorb more 11 , more safely."

　　The researchers believe the principle could be applied to any material — 12 example, to manufacture lighter and more protective packaging. It could 13 be used in car bumpers, crash barriers and armour for military vehicles, says ulrike wegst, 14 the max Plank Institute for mental Research in Stuttgart. But she emphasizes that you'd 15 to design the substance with the direction of force in mind. "The direction of loading is crucial," she says.

　　练习：

　　1. A for B since c in D at

　　2. A but B although c and D despite

　　3. A down B over c up D into

　　4. A discovered B concluded c found D thought

　　5. A no B per c each D every

　　6. A the idea B it c they D the spruce

　　7. A If B Just c only D Rarely

　　8. A effected B beaten c slapped D affected

　　9. A behind B beyond c for D intact

　　10. A which B where c that D there

　　11. A water B air c energy D safety

　　12. A among B in c as D for

　　13. A also B besides c else D yet

　　14. A over B at c around D on

　　15. A necessity B must c need D had

　　Less Is more

　　1. A 2. B 3. c 4. D 5. A 6. B 7. c 8. D 9. A 10. B

　　11. c 12. D 13. A 14. B 15. c