大学英语专业八级之人文地理：过渡时期英国2

　　61. The destruction of Spanish Armada showed England’s superiority as a naval power. It enabled England to become a great trading and colonizing country in the years to come.

　　西班牙无敌舰队的灭亡表明英国海上强国的优势，使英国在随后的几年能成为强大的贸易和殖民国。

　　62. Renaissance was the transitional period between the Middle Ages and modern times, covering the years c1350-c1650. In England, the Renaissance was usually thought of as the beginning with the accession of the House of Tudor to the throne in 1485.

　　文艺复兴处于中世纪向现代的过渡时期。覆盖1350-1650年。英国的文艺复兴通常被认为开始于1485年都铎家族的继位。

　　63. English Renaissance achieved its first expression in the so-called Elizabethan drama. Its first exponents were Christopher Marlowe, Ben Jonson, and William Shakespeare.

　　英国文艺复兴最好的表达方式是所谓的伊丽莎白戏剧。最好的代表任务是克里斯托夫。马洛；本。琼生和威廉。莎士比亚。

　　64. English Renaissance literature is primarily artistic, rather than philosophical scholarly.

　　英国文艺复兴时的文学主要是艺术的，而非哲学及学术的。

　　65. William Shakespeare wrote 37 plays, including the following tragedies: Romeo and Juliet, Julius Caesar, Macbeth, Harmlet, king Lear, Othello, and Cymbeline.

　　威廉莎士比亚共写了37个剧本。悲剧包括：罗密欧与朱莉叶；朱略斯恺撒；麦克白；哈姆雷特；李尔王；奥赛罗和辛白林。

　　66. The most famous of the Catholic compiracies was the Gunpowder plot of 1605. on November 5, 1605, a few fanatical Catholics attempted to blow King James and his ministers up in the House of Parliament where Guy Fawkes had planted barrels of gunpowder in the cellars.

　　最著名的天主教阴谋是1605年的火药阴谋案。1605年11月5日，几个狂热的天主教徒企图在议会大厦炸死国王和大臣，盖伊福克斯已在地窖放了炸药桶。

　　67. James Ⅰ , a firm believer in the Divine Right of Kings, would have preferred on Parliament at all and actually did without one for seven years.

　　詹姆斯一世坚决相信“君权神授”，他根本不想要议会，而且连续7年从未召集过。

　　68. It was at this Parliament that the king was forced to accept the Petition of Right regarded as the second Magna Carta.

　　正式这届议会迫使国王接受《民权情愿书》被视为第二个《大宪章》。

　　69. On August 22, 1642, the First Civil War began. The king’s men were called Cavaliers, and the supporters of Parliament were called Roundheads.

　　1642.8.22，第一次内战爆发，支持国王者被成为“骑士派”，支持议会者被成为“圆颅派”。

　　70. Charles was tried by a High Court of Justice, found guilty of have levied war against his kingdom and the Parliament, condemned to death, and executed on a scaffold outside the Banqueting House at Whitehall on January 30, 1649.

　　查尔斯在一级高级法院受审，犯有对王国和议会发动战争之罪，被判死刑，并于1649.1.30在宴会宫窗外的绞刑架上绞死。

　　71. The English Civil War not only overthrew feudal system in England but also shocked the foundation of the feudal rule in Europe.

　　英国内战不仅****叻英国的封建制度，而且动摇叻欧洲封建统治的基础。

　　72. Meanwhile, Oliver Cromwell and the “Rump” declared England a commonwealth. In December 1653,by an Instrument of Government, he became Lord Protector of the commonwealth of England.

　　克伦威尔用“小议会”取代“残余国会”，1653.12，根据《施政文件》，他成了英格兰共和国护国会。

　　73. The Parliament thus elected in 1660 resolved the crisis by asking the late king’s son to return from his long exile in France as king CharlesⅡ. The Restoration as it was called, was relatively smooth.

　　1660年选出的议会要求上任国王的儿子从长期流亡的法国回国做查尔斯二世，从而解决叻危机，所谓王权复辟相对平和。

　　74. Te Eglish politicians rejected JamesⅡ, and appealed to a protestant king, William of Orange to invade and take the English throne. This take-over became known as the Glorious Revolution.

　　英国政客反对詹姆斯二世。他们呼吁新教的国王，奥兰治亲王威廉入侵英国夺取王位。这就是“光荣革命”。

　　75. William and Mary jointly accepted the Bill of Rights which confirmed the principle of parliamentary supremacy. Thus the age of constitutioned monarchy of a monarchy.

　　威廉和玛丽共同接受了《权利法案》，此法案确立了议会权利至高无上的原则，议会限制王权的君主立宪制时代开始了。

　　76. It was during Anne’s reign that the name great Britain came into being when in 1707, the Act of Union united England and Scotland.

　　正是安妮统治的1707年，大不列颠这个名称产生，《联合法》把英格兰和苏格兰统一起来。

　　第五节 英帝国的兴衰

　　77、The Whigs were those who opposed absolute monarchy and supported the right to religious freedom for nonconformists. The Tories were traditionalists who wanted to preserve the powers of the monarchy and the church of England.辉格党人是指哪些反对绝对主权，支持新教徒宗教自由权利的人，托利党人是指那些支持世袭王权的人。

　　78. During the late 19th and early 19th centuries the open-field system ended when the Enclosure acts enabled weal their landowner to seize any land to which tenants could prove no legal title.

　　18世纪末，19世纪初，《圈地法》地颁布使较富有的土地主摄取佃农不能证明合法的土地，因此“开放田地”结束。

　　79.The industrial revolution refers to the mechanization of industry and the consequent change in social and economic organization in Britain in the late 18th and early 19th centuries.

　　工业革命指17世纪末，18世纪初英国工业的机械化，以及因此而导致的社会结构和经济结构的变化。

　　80.The limited monarchy which resulted from the powerful economic interests in the community could exert their influence on Government policy.

　　君主权利的限制，使得强大的经济利益集团能对议会政策施加影响。